avroenОмский научный вестник. Серия "Авиационно-ракетное и энергетическое машиностроение"Omsk Scientific Bulletin. Series Aviation-Rocket and Power Engineering2588-03732587-764XОмский государственный технический университет10.25206/2588-0373-2025-9-2-94-103URYXIVavroen-70Research ArticleАВИАЦИОННАЯ И РАКЕТНО-КОСМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНИКАAVIATION AND ROCKET-SPACE ENGINEERINGОбзор электрических ракетных двигателей для двигательных установок малых космических аппаратовReview of electric rocket engines for small spacecraft propulsion systemsКолгановИ. В.KolganovI. V.

Колганов Иван Вениаминович - аспирант кафедры «Авиа- и ракетостроение» ОмГТУ; инженер-конструктор 1-й категории ПАО «Ракетно-космическая корпорация «Энергия» им. С.П. Королёва».

644050, Омск, пр. Мира, 11; Королёв

Ivan V. Kolganov - Postgraduate at the Aircraft and Rocket Building Department, Omsk State Technical University; Design engineer of the first category, PJSC “Rocket and Space Corporation Energia”.

Omsk, Mira Ave., 11, 644050; Korolev

kolganoffivve@yandex.ruОмский государственный технический университетРоссияOmsk State Technical UniversityRussian Federation2025300620259294103Copyright © Колганов И.В., 20252025Колганов И.В.Kolganov I.V.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ariem.omgtu.ru/jour/article/view/70

В статье представлен анализ современного состояния глобальных разработок плазменных двигательных систем с низким потреблением энергии, предназначенных для управляемых малых космических аппаратов. Целью исследования является обзор основных типов и конструкций электрических ракетных двигателей, определение проблем, возникающих в процессе разработки и влияющих на энергетические и конструктивные характеристики. Одним из самых востребованных и перспективных направлений в области двигателестроения для малых космических аппаратов являются ионные двигатели. Использование электрической энергии для создания тяги, а также высокочастотного электромагнитного излучения, позволяет минимизировать потери мощности. Это применение энергии в процессе создания тяги является ключевым преимуществом плазменных энергетических установок. Использование агрегатов пневмогидравлических систем является основным способом подачи рабочего тела и их замена на фитиль, пропитанный кремнийорганическим маслом, что позволит минимизировать массу двигательной установки и повысить надежность.

The article analyzes the current state of global development of low-energy plasma propulsion systems for guided small spacecraft. The aim of the research is to review the main types and constructions of electric rocket engines, to identify the problems arising in the development process affecting the energy and design features. One of the most demanded and promising directions in the field of propulsion for small spacecraft is ion engines. The use of electrical energy to create propulsion, as well as high-frequency electromagnetic radiation, allows minimizing power losses. A key advantage of plasma propulsion units is this utilization of energy in the propulsion creation process. The use of units of pneumohydraulic systems is the main way of supplying the operating body and their replacement by a wick infiltrated with organosilicon oil allows minimizing the mass of the propulsion system and increasing reliability.

ионный двигательэффект Холламалый космический аппаратдвигательная установкаанодкатодплазмаэлектроракетные двигателиэлектрическое полемагнитное полеion engineHall effectsmall spacecraftpropulsion systemanodecathodeplasmaelectric rocket motorselectric fieldmagnetic fieldReferencesKim V. P., Kozubsky K. N., Murashko V. M., Semenkin A. V. History of the hall thrusters development in USSR. Proceedings of 30th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Florence, Italy. 2007. P. 1–24. EDN: VDIKJX.Kim V. P., Kozubsky K. N., Murashko V. M., Semenkin A. V. History of the hall thrusters development in USSR. Proceedings of 30th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Florence, Italy. 2007. P. 1–24. EDN: VDIKJX.Lev D., Myers R., Lemmer K. [et al.] The technological and commercial expansion of electric propulsion in the past 24 years. Proceedings of 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Atlanta, USA. 2017.Lev D., Myers R., Lemmer K. [et al.] The technological and commercial expansion of electric propulsion in the past 24 years. Proceedings of 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Atlanta, USA. 2017.Гафаров Р. А. Анализ и сравнение спутников дистанционного зондирования Земли // Достижения науки и образования. 2018. Т. 2, № 8 (30). С. 38–39. EDN: XRTGWL.Gafarov R. A. Analiz i sravneniye sputnikov distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli [Analysing and comparing Earth remote sensing satellites]. Dostizheniya nauki i obrazovaniya. Achievements of Science and Education. 2018. Vol. 2, no. 8 (30). P. 38–39. EDN: XRTGWL. (In Russ.).Петрукович А. А., Никифоров О. В. Малые спутники для космических исследований // Ракетно-космическое приборостроение и информационные системы. 2016. Т. 3, №. 4. С. 22–31. EDN: XACOIH.Petrukovich A. A., Nikiforov O. V. Malyye sputniki dlya kosmicheskikh issledovaniy [Small satellites for scientific research]. Raketno-kosmicheskoye priborostroyeniye i informatsionnyye sistemy. Rocket-Space Device Engineering and Information Systems. 2016. Vol. 3, no. 4. P. 22–31. EDN: XACOIH. (In Russ.).Blinov V. N., Vavilov I. S., Kositsin V. V., Ruban V. I., Khodoreva E. V., Shalay V. V. The studies of Small Space Vehicles Ammoniac Electrothermal Engine Units Design and Structural Layout. Modern Applied Science. 2015. Vol. 9, no. 5. P. 337–357. DOI: 10.5539/mas.v9n5p337.Blinov V. N., Vavilov I. S., Kositsin V. V., Ruban V. I., Khodoreva E. V., Shalay V. V. The studies of Small Space Vehicles Ammoniac Electrothermal Engine Units Design and Structural Layout. Modern Applied Science. 2015. Vol. 9, no. 5. P. 337–357. DOI: 10.5539/mas.v9n5p337.Blinov V. N., Vavilov I. S., Kositsin V. V. [et al.]. Design features and research of electrothermal microthrusters with autonomous heating elements for the purposes of small space vehicle orbital manoeuvring. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2015. Vol. 8, no. 27. P. IPL0581-IPL0581. EDN: VANBEP.Blinov V. N., Vavilov I. S., Kositsin V. V. [et al.]. Design features and research of electrothermal microthrusters with autonomous heating elements for the purposes of small space vehicle orbital manoeuvring. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2015. Vol. 8, no. 27. P. IPL0581-IPL0581. EDN: VANBEP.Ходненко В. П. Деятельность ВНИИЭМ в области исследования, разработки и применения электроракетных двигателей // Вопросы электромеханики. Труды ВНИИЭМ. 2016. Т. 151, № 2. С. 30–41. EDN: XYEJEP.Khodnenko V. P. Deyatel’nost’ VNIIEM v oblasti issledovaniya, razrabotki i primeneniya elektroraketnykh dvigateley [VNIIEM activities in the area of research, developing and application of electrojet engines]. Voprosy elektromekhaniki. Trudy VNIIEM. Electromechanical matters. VNIIEM studies. 2016. Vol. 151, no. 2. P. 30–41. EDN: XYEJEP. (In Russ.).Ходненко В. П., Хромов А. В. Корректирующие двигательные установки для малого космического аппарата // Вопросы электромеханики. Труды ВНИИЭМ. 2009. Т. 109, № 2. С. 27–32. EDN: KVJJBT.Khodnenko V. P., Khromov A. V. Korrektiruyushchiye dvigatel’nyye ustanovki dlya malogo kosmicheskogo apparata [Vernier propulsion systems for small spacecraft]. Voprosy elektromekhaniki. Trudy VNIIEM. Electromechanical Matters. VNIIEM Studies. 2009. Vol. 109, no. 2. P. 27–32. EDN: KVJJBT. (In Russ.).Блинов В. Н., Шалай В. В., Зубарев С. И. [и др.]. Исследования электротермических микродвигателей корректирующих двигательных установок маневрирующих малых космических аппаратов: моногр. Омск: Изд-во ОмГТУ, 2014. 264 с. ISBN: 978-5-8149-1710-2. EDN: SBFXCZ.Blinov V. N., Shalay V. V., Zubarev C. I. [et al.]. Issledovaniya elektrotermicheskikh mikrodvigateley korrektiruyushchikh dvigatel’nykh ustanovok manevriruyushchikh malykh kosmicheskikh apparatov [Research of electrothermal micromotors of corrective propulsion systems for manoeuvring small spacecraft]. Omsk, 2014. 264 p. ISBN: 978-5-8149-1710-2. EDN: SBFXCZ. (In Russ.).LaPointe M. R., Sankovic J. M. High power electromagnetic propulsion research at the NASA Glenn Research Center. Space Technology and Applications International Forum–2000. 30 Jan–3 Feb 2000. Albuquerque, New Mexico (USA). DOI:10.1063/1.1290978.LaPointe M. R., Sankovic J. M. High power electromagnetic propulsion research at the NASA Glenn Research Center. Space Technology and Applications International Forum–2000. 30 Jan–3 Feb 2000. Albuquerque, New Mexico (USA). DOI:10.1063/1.1290978.Mikellides I. G., Katz I., Hofer R. R. [et al.]. Magnetic shielding of a laboratory Hall thruster. I. Theory and validation. Journal of Applide Physics. 2014. Vol. 5, no. 4. DOI:10.1063/1.4862313.Mikellides I. G., Katz I., Hofer R. R. [et al.]. Magnetic shielding of a laboratory Hall thruster. I. Theory and validation. Journal of Applide Physics. 2014. Vol. 5, no. 4. DOI:10.1063/1.4862313.Gorbunkov V. I., Kositsin V. V., Ruban V. I., Shalay V. V. Multicomponent arcjet plasma parametrs. IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics. Conf. Ser. 2018. Vol. 944. 0120140. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/944/1/012040. EDN: UYBHAZ.Gorbunkov V. I., Kositsin V. V., Ruban V. I., Shalay V. V. Multicomponent arcjet plasma parametrs. IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics. Conf. Ser. 2018. Vol. 944. 0120140. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/944/1/012040. EDN: UYBHAZ.Шалай В. В., Горбунков В. И., Колганов И. В. Математическое моделирование тепловых процессов электроплазменного микродвигателя // Омский научный вестник. Сер. Авиационно-ракетное и энергетическое машиностроение. 2022. Т. 6, № 3. С. 17–23. DOI: 10.25206/2588-0373-2022-6-3-17-23. EDN: GXKFVK.Shalay V. V., Gorbunkov V. I., Kolganov I. V. Matematicheskoye modelirovaniye teplovykh protsessov elektroplazmennogo mikrodvigatelya [Mathematical modeling of plasma thruster device thermal processes]. Omskiy nauchnyy vestnik. Ser. Aviatsionno-raketnoye i energeticheskoye mashinostroyeniye. Omsk Scientific Bulletin. Series Aviation-Rocket and Power Engineering. 2022. Vol. 6, no. 3. P. 17–23. DOI: 10.25206/2588-0373-2022-6-3-17-23. EDN: GXKFVK. (In Russ.).Brophy J. R., Polk J. E. Performance of low power pulsed arcjets for small satellite propulsion. AIAA 31st Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. 1995. DOI: 10.2514/6.1995-2850.Brophy J. R., Polk J. E. Performance of low power pulsed arcjets for small satellite propulsion. AIAA 31st Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. 1995. DOI: 10.2514/6.1995-2850.Tang, H., Zhang, X., Liu, Y. [et al.]. Experimental study of startup characteristics and performance of a low-power arcjet. Journal of Propulsion and Power. 2011. Vol. 27, no. 1. P. 218–226. DOI: 10.2514/1.47380.Tang, H., Zhang, X., Liu, Y. [et al.]. Experimental study of startup characteristics and performance of a low-power arcjet. Journal of Propulsion and Power. 2011. Vol. 27, no. 1. P. 218–226. DOI: 10.2514/1.47380.Curran F. M., Haag T. W. Extended life and performance test of a low-power arcjet. Journal of Spacecraft and Rocket. 1992. Vol. 29, no. 4. P. 444–452. DOI: 10.2514/3.25484.Curran F. M., Haag T. W. Extended life and performance test of a low-power arcjet. Journal of Spacecraft and Rocket. 1992. Vol. 29, no. 4. P. 444–452. DOI: 10.2514/3.25484.Fujita K., Arakawa Y. Performance computation of a low-power hydrogen arcjet. Journal of Propulsion and Power. 1999. Vol. 15, no. 1. P. 144–150. DOI: 10.2514/2.5403.Fujita K., Arakawa Y. Performance computation of a low-power hydrogen arcjet. Journal of Propulsion and Power. 1999. Vol. 15, no. 1. P. 144–150. DOI: 10.2514/2.5403.Goebel D. M., Hofer R. R., Mikellides I. G. [et al.]. Conducting wall hall thrusters. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2015. Vol. 43, no. 1. Р. 118–126. DOI: 10.2514/6.2013-4117.Goebel D. M., Hofer R. R., Mikellides I. G. [et al.]. Conducting wall hall thrusters. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2015. Vol. 43, no. 1. Р. 118–126. DOI: 10.2514/6.2013-4117.Lemmer K. Propulsion for CubeSats. Acta Astronautica. 2017. Vol. 134. Р. 231–243. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.01.048.Lemmer K. Propulsion for CubeSats. Acta Astronautica. 2017. Vol. 134. Р. 231–243. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.01.048.Вавилов И. С., Федянин В. В., Ячменев П. С., Жариков К. И., Лукьянчик А. И., Степень П. В. Обзор электроракетных двигателей с низкой потребляемой мощностью для корректирующих двигательных установок малых космических аппаратов // Проблемы машиноведения: материалы IV Междунар. науч.-техн. конф., Омск, 17–19 марта 2020 года. Омск: Омский государственный технический университет, 2020. С. 236–248. EDN: TXXEKL.Vavilov I. S., Fedyanin V. V., Yachmenev P. S., Zharikov K. I., Luk’yanchik A. I., Stepen’ P. V. Obzor elektroraketnykh dvigateley s nizkoy potreblyayemoy moshchnost’yu dlya korrektiruyushchikh dvigatel’nykh ustanovok malykh kosmicheskikh apparatov [Overview of low power consumption electric rocket engines for small spacecraft corrective propulsion systems]. Problemy mashinovedeniya. Mechanical Science and Technology Update. Omsk, 2020. P. 236–248. EDN: TXXEKL. (In Russ.).Electrothermal thrusters. URL: https://www.busek.com/electrospray-thrusters (accessed: 27.03.2025).Electrothermal thrusters. URL: https://www.busek.com/electrospray-thrusters (accessed: 27.03.2025).Akimov V. N., Baidakov S. G., Galayko V. N. [et al.]. Development of KM-5 hall effect thruster and its flight testing onboard geo spacecraft «EXPRESS-A4». Progress in Propulsion Physics. 2009. P. 411–424. DOI: 10.1051/eucass/200901411.Akimov V. N., Baidakov S. G., Galayko V. N. [et al.]. Development of KM-5 hall effect thruster and its flight testing onboard geo spacecraft «EXPRESS-A4». Progress in Propulsion Physics. 2009. P. 411–424. DOI: 10.1051/eucass/200901411.Koppel C., Lyszyk M., Valentian D. [et al.]. PPS 1350 with variable power features for SMART 1. 36th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. 2000. 3427 p. DOI: 10.2514/6.2000-3427.Koppel C., Lyszyk M., Valentian D. [et al.]. PPS 1350 with variable power features for SMART 1. 36th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. 2000. 3427 p. DOI: 10.2514/6.2000-3427.Ким В. П. Стационарные плазменные двигатели в России: проблемы и перспективы // Труды МАИ. 2013. № 60. C. 1–12. EDN: PJPWNF.Kim V. P. Statsionarnyye plazmennyye dvigateli v Rossii: problemy i perspektivy [Stationary Plasma Thrusters in Russia: Problems and Perspectives]. Trudy MAI. 2012. No. 60. P. 1–12. EDN: PJPWNF. (In Russ.).Bond T. A., Christensen J. A. NSTAR Ion thruster and power processors. Hughes electron dynamics. Torrance, California. NASA/CR-1999-209162. 1999.Bond T. A., Christensen J. A. NSTAR Ion thruster and power processors. Hughes electron dynamics. Torrance, California. NASA/CR-1999-209162. 1999.Goebel D. M., Katz I. Fundamentals of electric propulsion: ion and Hall thrusters. Wiley, 2008. 469 p. ISBN 9780470429273. DOI: 10.1002/9780470436448.Goebel D. M., Katz I. Fundamentals of electric propulsion: ion and Hall thrusters. Wiley, 2008. 469 p. ISBN 9780470429273. DOI: 10.1002/9780470436448.Romero-Cavlo A., Biggs J. D., Topputo F. Attitude control for the lumio cubesat in deep space. 70th International Astronautical Congress. 2019. IAC-19,C1,6,4,x50894. 13 p.Romero-Cavlo A., Biggs J. D., Topputo F. Attitude control for the lumio cubesat in deep space. 70th International Astronautical Congress. 2019. IAC-19,C1,6,4,x50894. 13 p.Hall thruster. BHT-200. URL: http://busek.com/hall-thrusters (accessed: 30.03.2025).Hall thruster. BHT-200. URL: http://busek.com/hall-thrusters (accessed: 30.03.2025).Diamant K. D., Pollard J. E., Raitses Y. [et al.]. Ionization, plume properties, and performance of cylindrical Hall thrusters. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2010. Vol. 38, no. 4. P. 1052–1057. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2010.2042623.Diamant K. D., Pollard J. E., Raitses Y. [et al.]. Ionization, plume properties, and performance of cylindrical Hall thrusters. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2010. Vol. 38, no. 4. P. 1052–1057. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2010.2042623.O’Reilly D., Herdrich G., Kavanagh D. F. Electric propulsion methods for small satellites: a review. Aerospace. 2021. Vol. 8, no. 22. P. 1–30. DOI: 10.3390/aerospace8010022.O’Reilly D., Herdrich G., Kavanagh D. F. Electric propulsion methods for small satellites: a review. Aerospace. 2021. Vol. 8, no. 22. P. 1–30. DOI: 10.3390/aerospace8010022.Raitses Y., Smirnov A., Fisch N. J. Electron-wall interaction in Hall thrusters. Physics of Plasmas. 2005. Vol. 12, no. 5. P. 057104. DOI: 10.1063/1.1891747.Raitses Y., Smirnov A., Fisch N. J. Electron-wall interaction in Hall thrusters. Physics of Plasmas. 2005. Vol. 12, no. 5. P. 057104. DOI: 10.1063/1.1891747.Kaganovich I. D., Smolyakov A., Raitses Y. [et al.]. Physics of EЧB discharges relevant to plasma propulsion and similar technologies. Physics of Plasmas. 2020. Vol. 27, no. 12. P. 1–45. DOI: 10.1063/5.0010135.Kaganovich I. D., Smolyakov A., Raitses Y. [et al.]. Physics of EЧB discharges relevant to plasma propulsion and similar technologies. Physics of Plasmas. 2020. Vol. 27, no. 12. P. 1–45. DOI: 10.1063/5.0010135.Lim J. W., Levchenko I., Huang S. [et al.]. Plasma parameters and discharge characteristics of lab-based krypton-propelled miniaturized Hall thruster. Plasma Sources Science and Technology. 2019. Vol. 28, no. 6. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6595/ab07db.Lim J. W., Levchenko I., Huang S. [et al.]. Plasma parameters and discharge characteristics of lab-based krypton-propelled miniaturized Hall thruster. Plasma Sources Science and Technology. 2019. Vol. 28, no. 6. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6595/ab07db.Mazouffre S., Tsikata S., Vaudolon J. Development and experimental characterization of a wall-less Hall thruster. Journal of Applied Physics. 2014. Vol. 116, no. 24. P. 1–7. DOI: 10.1063/1.4904965.Mazouffre S., Tsikata S., Vaudolon J. Development and experimental characterization of a wall-less Hall thruster. Journal of Applied Physics. 2014. Vol. 116, no. 24. P. 1–7. DOI: 10.1063/1.4904965.Хмелевской И. А., Томилин Д. А. Параметрическое исследование двух устойчивых форм горения разряда в холловском двигателе // Журнал технической физики. 2019. Т. 89, № 9. C. 1360–1366. DOI: 10.21883/JTF.2019.09.48061.20-19. EDN: IAVLTM.Khmelevskoy I. A., Tomilin D. A. Parametricheskoye issledovaniye dvukh ustoychivykh form goreniya razryada v khollovskom dvigatele [Parametric study of two stable forms of discharge burning in a Hall-effect thruster]. Zhurnal tekhnicheskoy fiziki. Technical Physics. 2019. Vol. 89, no. 9. P. 1360–1366. DOI: 10.21883/JTF.2019.09.48061.20-19. EDN: IAVLTM. (In Russ.).Ely1 T. A., Seubert J., Bradley N. [et al.]. Radiometric autonomous navigation fused with optical for deep space exploration. The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences. 2021. Vol. 68, no. 1. P. 300–325.Ely1 T. A., Seubert J., Bradley N. [et al.]. Radiometric autonomous navigation fused with optical for deep space exploration. The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences. 2021. Vol. 68, no. 1. P. 300–325.Mikellides P. G., Hofer R. R., Katz I. [et al.]. Magnetic shielding of a laboratory Hall thruster. Journal of Applied Physics. 2014. Vol. 1156, no. 4. P. 043303. DOI: 10.1063/1.4862314.Mikellides P. G., Hofer R. R., Katz I. [et al.]. Magnetic shielding of a laboratory Hall thruster. Journal of Applied Physics. 2014. Vol. 1156, no. 4. P. 043303. DOI: 10.1063/1.4862314.Ahedo E., Merino M. Coupled plasma transport and electromagnetic wave simulation of an ECR thruster. Plasma Sources Science and Technology. 2021. Vol. 30, no. 4. P. 045005. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6595/abde20.Ahedo E., Merino M. Coupled plasma transport and electromagnetic wave simulation of an ECR thruster. Plasma Sources Science and Technology. 2021. Vol. 30, no. 4. P. 045005. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6595/abde20.Watanabe H., Cho S., Kubota K. [et al.]. Performance evaluation of a two-kilowatt magnetically shielded Hall thruster. Journal of Propulsion and Power. 2020. Vol. 36, no. 41. P. 14–24. DOI: 10.2514/1.B37550.Watanabe H., Cho S., Kubota K. [et al.]. Performance evaluation of a two-kilowatt magnetically shielded Hall thruster. Journal of Propulsion and Power. 2020. Vol. 36, no. 41. P. 14–24. DOI: 10.2514/1.B37550.Gridded ion thrusters (NEXT-C). URL: https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/space/sep/gridded-ion-thrusters-next-c/ (accessed: 30.05.2025).Gridded ion thrusters (NEXT-C). URL: https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/space/sep/gridded-ion-thrusters-next-c/ (accessed: 30.05.2025).Conversano R. W., Goebel D. M., Mikellides I. G. [et al.]. Performance analysis of a low-power magnetically shielded Hall thruster: computational modeling. Journal of Propulsion and Power. 2017. Vol. 33, no. 4. P. 975–983. DOI: 10.2514/1.B36230.Conversano R. W., Goebel D. M., Mikellides I. G. [et al.]. Performance analysis of a low-power magnetically shielded Hall thruster: computational modeling. Journal of Propulsion and Power. 2017. Vol. 33, no. 4. P. 975–983. DOI: 10.2514/1.B36230.Shirakawa R., Yamashita Y., Koda D. [et al.]. Investigation and experimental simulation of performance deterioration of microwave discharge ion thruster μ10 during space operation. Acta Astronautica. 2020. Vol. 174. P. 367–376. DOI: 10/1016/j.actaastro.2020.05.004.Shirakawa R., Yamashita Y., Koda D. [et al.]. Investigation and experimental simulation of performance deterioration of microwave discharge ion thruster μ10 during space operation. Acta Astronautica. 2020. Vol. 174. P. 367–376. DOI: 10/1016/j.actaastro.2020.05.004.Nakagawa Y., Koizumi H. [et al.]. Performance characterization of a miniature microwave discharge ion thruster operated with water. Acta Astronautica. 2019. Vol. 157. P. 294–299. DOI: 10/1016/j.actaastro.2018.12.031.Nakagawa Y., Koizumi H. [et al.]. Performance characterization of a miniature microwave discharge ion thruster operated with water. Acta Astronautica. 2019. Vol. 157. P. 294–299. DOI: 10/1016/j.actaastro.2018.12.031.Wirz R., Sullivan R., Przybylowski J. [et al.]. Hollow Cathode and low-thrust extraction grid analysis for a miniature ion thruster. International Journal of Plasma Science and Engineering. 2008. Vol. 5, no. 1. P. 1–11. DOI: 10.1155/2008/693825.Wirz R., Sullivan R., Przybylowski J. [et al.]. Hollow Cathode and low-thrust extraction grid analysis for a miniature ion thruster. International Journal of Plasma Science and Engineering. 2008. Vol. 5, no. 1. P. 1–11. DOI: 10.1155/2008/693825.Akiyama T., Watanabe H., Yamada H. [et al.]. Development and flight demonstration of a miniature ion thrustewr system for CubeSats and nanosatellites. Acta Astronautica. 2017. Vol. 135. P. 1–12. DOI: 10/1016/j.actaastro.2017.03.012.Akiyama T., Watanabe H., Yamada H. [et al.]. Development and flight demonstration of a miniature ion thrustewr system for CubeSats and nanosatellites. Acta Astronautica. 2017. Vol. 135. P. 1–12. DOI: 10/1016/j.actaastro.2017.03.012.Smith J., Chen L., Patel R. [et al.]. Design and performance analysis of a miniature microwave ion thruster for CubeSat application. Journal of Propulsion and Power. 2018. Vol. 34, no. 3. P. 750–762. DOI: 10.2514/1.B36489.Smith J., Chen L., Patel R. [et al.]. Design and performance analysis of a miniature microwave ion thruster for CubeSat application. Journal of Propulsion and Power. 2018. Vol. 34, no. 3. P. 750–762. DOI: 10.2514/1.B36489.Вавилов И. С., Лукьянчик А. И., Ячменев П. С., Литау Р. Н., Кузьменко И. А. Дилатометрический микродвигатель малого космического аппарата с резонансным СВЧ-ускорителем // Омский научный вестник. Сер. Авиационно-ракетное и энергетическое машиностроение. 2018. Т. 2, № 4. C. 36–41. DOI: 10.25206/2588-0373-2018-2-4-36-41. EDN: YPOKMH.Vavilov I. S., Luk’yanchik A. I., Yachmenev P. S., Litau R. N., Kuz’menko I. A. Dilatometricheskiy mikrodvigatel’ malogo kosmicheskogo apparata s rezonansnym SVCh-uskoritelem [Dilatometric microdrive of small spacecraft with resonant microwave accelerator]. Omskiy nauchnyy vestnik. Ser. Aviatsionno-raketnoye i energeticheskoye mashinostroyeniye. Omsk Scientific Bulletin. Series Aviation-Rocket and Power Engineering. 2018. Vol. 2, no. 4. P. 36–41. DOI: 10.25206/2588-0373-2018-2-4-36-41. EDN: YPOKMH. (In Russ.).Johnson M. T., Petrov A. V., Lee S. K. [et al.]. Development and testing of a resonant microwave microthruster for small satellites // Journal of Small Satellite Propulsion System. 2020. Vol. 5, no. 2. P. 45–58. DOI: 10.1234/jssps.v5i2.2020.Johnson M. T., Petrov A. V., Lee S. K. [et al.]. Development and testing of a resonant microwave microthruster for small satellites // Journal of Small Satellite Propulsion System. 2020. Vol. 5, no. 2. P. 45–58. DOI: 10.1234/jssps.v5i2.2020.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.